Експозиції, які працюють в Національному музеї історії України.
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Hunting, fishing and gathering were the main activities of early men; Mammoth’s hunting was of great importance at that time. The fire played critical role in the process of evolution of mankind. The first working tools were made of flint and bone. Tribal community with collective labor became the core of the social and economic structure of ancient society. The language was caused by labor communications. Also, art and religion were gradually ripening in the Late Palaeolithic Period (20-10 thousand years ago). Totemism, magic, animism and fetishism became the first forms of religion; there were specific features of religion customs in different regions: the rites related to woman’s image in the Northern Zone; the rites related to animal’s image in the Southern Zone; and hunting cults in the Middle Dieper Region. Ancient men produced the early samples of art – primarily of the religious nature.
Invention of bow and arrows was the highest achievement of the Mesolithic Period. People used the new forms of working tools – geometric microliths – specific inserts in wooden and bone handles. Because of changing climate the world of animals has also changed; small animals like hares, wolfs, foxes and deer evolved; dogs and pigs were domesticated. Economy was based on hunting, fishing and gathering. People invented boats and fish-hooks. Tribal ethnic community emerged in the Mesolithic Period.
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Exposition halls
Nr. 3 and Nr4
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In the 9th century BC, the tribes on the territory of Ukraine began to use iron to produce instruments of labor and weapons. It was a period of significant development of productive forces, arable agriculture and nomadic cattle-breeding. Agriculture produced handcraft as an autonomous kind of production. Class society replaced the ancient patriarhal society. Over the thousands of years the Northern Black Sea Region was a contact zone for different political and cultural zones: steppe nomads, agricultural population of the Forest-Steppe zone and ancient Greek population. It was a time of emerging nations – Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians (of the Southern-Iranian Group of nations) and ancient Slavs (under the different names).
The Cimmerians, who resided in the Northern Black Sea Region, Crimea and Kerch and Taman peninsulas, was the earliest nation on the territory of Ukraine mentioned in chronicles. Scientists have found their burial sites. The materials excavated witnessed significant social stratification of Cimmerian society. The military nomad aristocracy headed the society.
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Nr 5 - 8
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Hall No. 5
Several ethno-cultural formations resided at the territory of Ukraine at the end of the 1st millenium BC and in the first half of the 1st millenium AD.
They were presented by the following archeological cultures: Zarubyntsi culture, Pshevorsk culture, Lypytsk culture, Late Zarubyntsi culture, Scythian-Sarmatians culture (the 2d century BC – the 2d century AD), Velbar culture, Cherniakhiv culture, Kyiv culture, Carpathian Tumuluses culture (the 3d century AD – the first half of the 5th century AD).
The Veneds, Slavonic tribes, provided a basis for such archaeological cultures as Zarubyntsi culture, partially Cherniakhiv culture and Kyiv culture. This hall exhibits the materials of these cultures and the culture of Carpathian Tumuluses.
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Exposition hall
Nr. 9
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During 40-80th years of XIV century the main part of the territory of the former Kyiv Rus (Chernigovo-Siverschyna, Kyivschyna, Pereyaslavschyna, Podillia) passed under power of the Grand duchy Lithuanian The Ukrainian lands were saving own local independency, because of administrative and financial authority were concentrated in local princes hands. Their dependence was limited by recognition of supreme power of the Great Prince, annual tribute rendering and providing military support in case of need.
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Exposition hall
Nr. 10
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At the beginning of XVII century the Cossacks formed as separate structure, which had assumed the role of the exponent of the national interests and created the political and military center – the Zaporoz’ka Sich. The Sich constituted the system of fortifications, placed in Lower Dnieper flow. The first was constructed by the Prince Dmytro Korybut Vyshnevetskyi (Baida) in XVI century on the Mala Hortytza island. During several centuries the existence of the Zaporoz’ka Sich repeatedly changed the location. Totally seven Sichs existed, and mostly well known among them – the Cortomlytska (1652-1709).
The Zaporoz’ka Sich had efficient military structure. The all Cossacks were divided on the regiments, headed by elected colonels, the regiments consisted of sotnia’s, and several sotnia’s were formed into kuren’, headed by the atamans. The leader of the Zaporoz’ka Army was the Hetman, which was elected by common meeting of the Rada. The prominent military leader was Petro Konashevych-Sagaidachyi (1616-1622), famous as military commander, diplomat, protector of the Orthodox Christianity in the Rzech Pospolyta. He together with whole Zaporoz’kyi Kosh joined to Kyiv Epiphany brotherhood.
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Exposition hall
Nr. 11
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The culture of Ukraine XVI-XVIII centuries is the unique historic phenomenon, important component of Cossacks age history. Despite the fact of absence of own state, longstanding bloody battles for freedom and statehood, Ukrainians had passed thorny path from decay of cultural life to national revival. The Ukrainian’s cultural life of this epoch was marked by enlightenment and consolidation of distinctive artistic style – the Ukrainian baroque.
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During first half of XIX century lands of Ukraine were inside Russian and Austrian Empires. The Naddniprianska Ukraine of that time was divided on 9 provinces< and “the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” with the capital Lviv city – on 12 districts.
At time in Ukraine remained the feudal-serfdom structure, and the most privileged social strata had been landlords-nobles. All peasantry was divided on two main groups: landlord’s and state’s. The first category predominated on Pravoberezhzhi and western Ukrainian lands, the second one – on Livoberezhzhi and South. Near one third part of the Ukrainian state peasants were living in so called “military settlements” and combining military service with farming. This way the state was trying to cut budget expenses for army keeping. Such settlements were founded in Kharkivschyna, Katerynoslaschyna, Kyivschyna, Khersonschyna and Podillia, and their head office was settled in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd).
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The education and culture of Ukraine were developing in the conditions of Empire’s regimes. In the Naddniprianska Ukraine the nation al education didn’t exist, the printing and import of the Ukrainian language literature were prohibited (the prohibition had canceled only in 1905). The Empire’s government didn’t care about education of lower groups of population. At the end of XIX century the standard of education was equal to 72-85% in Russia and 75% in Austria-Hungary.
At time in Ukraine were 129 gymnasiums and 19 real colleges, with exclusive Russian language of teaching. The gymnasiums had humanitarian bias, and colleges – natural and physic-mathematic bias of education. The female education had appeared: the gymnasiums (first was opened in Kyiv in 1859 under name Funducleivs’ka); the institutes of noble maids; the high woman courses in the universities. The industrial growth had created a demand for qualified labor force, which had been trained in the colleges of professional education in big cities – Kyiv, Odessa, Katerynoslav etc.
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The regular Russian regiments, formed on the basis of former Cossacks “ohochecomonnyi” detachments of thr Hetmanschyna and Slobozhanschyna – Poltavskyi, Katerynoslavskyi, Kharkivskyi, Sumskyi, Ohtyrskyi, Gluhivskyi, Chuguivskyi, Novorossiyskyi, Volynskyi were taking part in military campaigns 1806-1812 against Napoleon’s France. The foreign military expeditions of 1813-1814 promoted the revival of political life in the Russian Empire and steering up of activity of conspiracies – Masonic lodges, which had been acted in Kyiv, Odessa and Poltava.
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At the latter half of XIX-beginning XX centuries the Ukrainian land were belonged to the Russian and Austrian-Hungarian Empires. Along with the sharpening of the crisis of the feudal-serf relations had arose a social tension, and as a result the serfdom was abolished in the Western Ukraine after the revolution of 1848-1849; in the Naddniprianska Ukraine – as a result of the reform of 1861. The serfdom liquidation favored to the economy steering up, appearing of the labor force market, land transformation into an object of sale-purchase. Taking into consideration the aim to accommodate a society to new reality, the Russian government provided financial (1862-1874), judicial (1864), military (1862-1874) and zemstvo (1864) reforms.
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There are no translations available.
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Еспозиція розташована
в залі №19
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Перша світова війна, яка спалахнула влітку 1914 р., була наслідком загострення політичного і економічного протиборства між блоками найбільших світових держав поч. ХХ ст. – Троїстим союзом (Німеччина, Австро-Угорщина, Італія) та Антантою (Англія, Франція, Росія).
Всі учасники війни мали агресивні наміри: перерозподіл чужих територій та встановлення контролю над джерелами сировини та ринками збуту.
Україна опинилась у колі інтересів ворогуючих сторін – понад 3,5 млн. українців було мобілізовано до російського війська, 250 тис. одягнули австрійські однострої. До них приєднались і 2,5 тис. українських січових стрільців, 96 загонів (легіонів) УСС які були сформовані у Галичині з початком війни. Події війни в експозиції ілюструє серія плакатів з теми «Великая європейская война», видані в Одесі та Москві впродовж 1914-15 рр. Представлені військові карти, зброя. нагороди, похідне спорядження воюючих сторін, особисті речі героїв війни і тилу – комбінезон льотчика П.Нестерова, барометр та наручний годинник інженера-конструктора літаків В.П.Григор'єва, а також фото керівного складу Бойової управи УСС у Відні, поштівки, збірник пісень «Сурма», значки січових стрільців.
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There are no translations available.
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Еспозиція розташована
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В експозиції представлені матеріали народного декоративно-ужиткового мистецтва та традиційно-побутової культури Наддніпрянщини (Київщина, Чернігівщина, Полтавщина) другої половини ХІХ– початку ХХ ст.
Твори мистецтва та предмети побуту були зібрані на початку ХХ ст. під час перших етнографічних експедицій, організованих першим директром музею М.Ф.Біляшівським і завідувачем етнографічного відділу Д.М. Щербаківським. Значна частина експонатів передана до музею у 1937 році з Кабінету антропології та етнології ім. Ф.К. Вовка, що певний час був провідним науково-дослідним і культурно-освітнім центром.
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Еспозиція розташована
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In March 1917 the national-democratic revolution broke out in Ukraine. The Ukrainian Central Rada, led by the outstanding historian and political figure Mykhaylo Hrushevsky, became its leading force.
During its lifetime (March 1917 – April 1918) the Central Rada passed through a difficult way from slogans of cultural-national autonomy to declaration of the independent sovereign state – Ukrainian People’s Republic (UNR) – by the IVth Universal on January 22, 1918. The Rada carried out its activity in conditions of political instability, Bolshevist aggression from the Soviet Russia and Austrian-German occupation.
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An important landmark in the life of Soviet Ukraine was XX Congress of the CPSU (1956), which condemned the totalitarian regime and Stalin's personality cult. Liberalization period of all spheres of public life was called the Khrushchev Thaw.
In the late 1950s the opposition movement of young intellectuals appeared in Ukraine, in conditions of a political "thaw" and had the name "Sixties." Its participants, despite the stringent requirements of "socialist realism", stood up for the revival of national culture, creative freedom, non-interference in the nomenclature of literary and artistic process.
During 1960s-1980s the Ukrainian culture and science reached a high level of development.
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At the end of 1920 the Soviet power has been established in Ukraine. In that time the economic ruin dominated in Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR), there was the unstable domestic situation. The peasants were not satisfied with a food apportionment (distribution) and waged the armed struggle against the Soviet power several regions.
In March, 1921 the tenth congress of SCP (b) has proclaimed the new economic policy (NEP) which included introduction of elements of market economy and replacement of the food apportionment by a tax in kind (food tax). Thanks to the New Economic Policy it succeeded to establish good relations with peasantry and to restore quickly enough what was wrecked.
On December, 30th in 1922 the USSR was included in the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics. Under the direction of Bolshevik Party the country took the way of a socialism formation which was carried out in three directions: industrialisation, collectivisation and a cultural revolution.
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There are no translations available.
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Еспозиція розташована
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Західноукраїнські землі впродовж 1919-1939 рр. перебували у складі Польщі, Чехословаччини та Румунії, де залишалися відсталими аграрними окраїнами. Уряди цих держав проводили політику дискримінації та денаціоналізації по відношенню до українців.
Наприкінці 1930-х рр. центр західноукраїнського національного життя тимчасово перемістився до Закарпаття, якому у жовтні 1938 р. була надана автономія. Уряд очолив Августин Волошин. Після поділу Чехословаччини та передачі частини території Закарпаття Угорщині уряд Волошина 14 березня 1939 р. проголосив незалежність Карпатської України. Однак, за кілька днів нова держава за підтримки фашистської Німеччини була окупована Угорщиною.
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